Fundamentals Of Semiconductor Devices Anderson
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Three possible imaging techniques for optical remote sensing observations of the Earth’s atmosphere are described: (1) a single, redundant, multiband imager that is equally sensitive in the visible and infrared; (2) a compact, single-band imaging system that can be stored on a platform for frequent flight over an 11-km swath at 2 km altitude; and (3) a system with a large, single-band camera followed by a large, dual-band imager. The size and weight constraints on the cameras of?the second and third systems are much smaller than for a multiband imager of equivalent spectral resolution. The third system requires no exposure time offsets for the two spectral bands. Its ability to identify targets in images acquired with stationary cloud-contaminated scenes, such as those associated with nuclear tests, is described. The application of this third system to cloud observations is illustrated by observing clouds and aerosols over the KSAT nuclear test site in the central United States.
Two new techniques for the analysis of the in-orbit behavior of spaceborne optical calibration units are presented. The nonlinearity of Earthshine sensors is modeled accurately using a model derived from numerical calculations, and the model fitted to the laboratory data. With this model it is easily possible to predict the instrument response at any desired range. Dynamic range issues are analyzed with two different approaches, in which the problem is broken down into three components: the dynamic range of the sensor system, the dynamic range of the sensor, and the dynamic range of the calibration. The first of these components involves the sensor package and can be mitigated by the use of a calibration reflector, which effectively changes the absolute scale of the sensor's energy output, as well as its extrinsic parameters. The second component relates to the reflection of the calibration unit by the secondary optics; this component can be mitigated by using a calibration reflector-complementary optics system in the optical path. The last component reflects the behavior of the narrow band filters used to split the light into the two spectral bands of the instrument. Use of a calibration reflector is found to be the most effective method for dealing with this problem. Both the orbital in-orbit behavior of the S.I.E.S. instruments related to the dynamic ranges is discussed in detail, and some ideas for future analysis are proposed. d2c66b5586